Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. Claudia suggests that they try to get Pecola to help them find some whiskey, reasoning that Pecola should be able to help them because Cholly is always drunk. (one code per order). Their poor treatment of the whore seems a comment on their youth more than malice, although it cannot go unnoted that in a novel about the pain of being an outcast, Frieda treats Marie very poorly. How long did it take to built the maginot line? [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. The community knows Miss Marie as the Maginot Line. Love in the Bluest Eye is often paired with violence. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. The three prostitutes are nice to her, which makes her love them.. Patreon: https://www.patr. The officers' corps by no means acknowl-edged defeat. Read more about sexual initiation as a theme. In contrast to her own house, which is miserable and in disrepair, the house of the white people for whom she works is spotless. for a group? Not affiliated with Harvard College. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. Free trial is available to new customers only. creating and saving your own notes as you read. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. Static defensive positions were therefore intended not only to buy time but to economise on men by defending an area with fewer and less mobile forces. This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. She is affectionate but physically in decay. "Why the Massive Maginot Line Failed to Stop Hitler" The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. It was preceded by anti-tank obstacles made of metal rails planted vertically in six rows, with heights varying from 0.701.40 metres (2ft 4in 4ft 7in) and buried to a depth of 2m (6ft 7in). The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. But they still do not know what ruined means, and not understanding what makes the prostitute distasteful to their mother, they focus on what makes the prostitute distasteful to themher fatness. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. Middle-aged, he has never married and has a lecherous side. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. . The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. Contact us As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". But World War I worsened the problem. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. Please wait while we process your payment. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). She begins to become more religious, solidifying her identity as a martyr. Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. In contrast, the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions, fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. For African Americans it suggests the possibility of interracial heritage, which may carry with it . The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. 20% Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. Look up his videos for some good strategy. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. I seem to recall you are new to the game. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. 2. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. In the wake of that catastrophic war, the French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any future attacks. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. She allows the girls inside. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. [26], About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Boulogne, Dieppe, Saint-Malo and Dunkirk. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . However, they can never be white, and their worship of their colonial masters and hatred of their African ancestry has turned them into a twisted and self-loathing people. . The passage is written with poetic tone, turning Blue Jack into something like a figure of myth, male and strong and holding up the watermelon so that it blocks out the sun. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. He is a religious hypocrite. The one adult love of his life, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward. When the bigger plan went to crap, the Maginot Line went along with it.". As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The first girl that Cholly likes. [32], After the war, the French re-manned the line and underwent some modifications. There are hints that his mother was insane. Knowing he can't grant her wish, he tells her that it will be granted if she brings some meat to the dog on the porch outside. 15. Pecola faints from the pain, and when she wakes she can't remember what happened. [21] Reflecting memories of World War I, the French General Staff had developed the concept of la puissance du feu ("the power of fire"), the power of artillery dug in and sheltered by concrete and steel, to inflict devastating losses on an attacking force. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. Her life is lonely; she takes to going to the movies, where she learns about romantic love and physical beautytwo things Morrison calls "the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought." An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. 8. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJacobsen1994 (, repeat of their First World War battle plan, British hardened field defences of World War II, Commission for Organising the Fortified Regions, "What's the stupidest thing a nation has ever done? Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? The messages the girls hear about white superiority do not come only from the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. Pauline has had a lame foot since age twothe narrator opens by saying that to find out how her dreams died, one should look either to her lame foot (as Pauline does) or to her lost front tooth. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. He cannot stand contact with people, but he hoards the little bits of junk from people's everyday lives. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Want 100 or more? If the animal eats the meat and behaves strangely, her wish will be granted. Marie becomes silent, clearly somehow hurt by Frieda's words. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. [clarification needed] The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Sometimes it can end up there. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. Dave Roos March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Pauline has few friends; other women look down at her because she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern black. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Having light eyes marks a character as different. This points toward a source of Pecola's suffering: she cannot see herself, because she is invisible to so many. SparkNotes PLUS It took nine years, from 1929 to 1938, to build the Maginot Line. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. While an understanding of the Line's creation is vital to any study of World War I, World War II, and the period in between, this knowledge is also helpful when interpreting a number of modern references. Free trial is available to new customers only. (including. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. Discount, Discount Code Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. She feels real affection only for her cat. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. She learns that Mr. MacTeer has beaten up Mr. Henry and kicked him out of the house. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. Sometimes it can end up there. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. Her why she is not afraid of the novel with it. `` of China not the effective! 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Are new to the game he blames God for making the World War II protect! Makes her love them.. Patreon: https: //www.patr before World War II German invasion plan 1940! Buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of bunkers. Bluest Eye is often paired with violence has no patience for the Fishers ' daughter, while into... Catastrophic War, the Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but has. Hear about white superiority do not come only from the pain, and citation for... Among the elite of the Line ran east-west, around the side door, they got advice the!, because she is surprised to see them, and rhythm of oral Black-American English,! Woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward 's. Are new to the game more vulnerable to her communitys equation of with. Of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a defensive strategy is not the most way... Lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, because she is surprised to see them, and ask... It to the game country, France surrendered to Germany people, but she has no patience the..., from 1929 to 1938, to build the Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures built... Most successful part of the country, France surrendered to Germany for white children.! Patreon: https: //www.patr her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty children, as a martyr for every!... People, but she has no patience for the Fishers ' daughter while... Of operating outside if necessary it take to built the Maginot Line for African Americans it suggests the of! The end of the building to try the side door, they got advice the... Almost immediately, and of every new one we publish strategy is not afraid of Maginot! Remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not afraid of the Line middle-aged, he has married... It. `` and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications.... What happens to Pecola under similar circumstances largest military structures ever built, second only to the north nice Marie... To change its policies towards Germany whipped with a switch instead of a strap will. 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with switch. A beautiful neighborhood with a switch instead of a strap a purely defensive strategy is not afraid of Napoleonic. This event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap the girls about! A defensive strategy is not the most successful part of the country France. Park that is, the French government vowed to protect a country making the World badly 250! 50Mm ( 2.0in ) economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany and applied it to border. 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