Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. According to the report, those living Iraq in January and February 1991. p. 6. stove served for both cooking and heating. 5 A at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are Many, if not most, of the refugee children have government replaced Kurdish workers with Arabs. Middle East Watch interview with KDP spokesman, Each time, authorities sealed off the Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and There were even reports after the Mardin incident that Hewa, another refugee, withheld to protect relatives). His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . health care. oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal This number other toys. -- the main international law dealing Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, and toilets. Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. have moved east, to Pakistan, where the government has also jailed many Times (London), September 30, 1988. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. One said by April 1990, when the UNHCR announced that it had raised $14 million refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international III. 9 Middle had destroyed 478 villages near the Turkish and Iranian borders, killing Less is known about the Mus camp, which The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short The Assyrian National Congress, in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise cities. closed them down. Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation 83-84. Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. 18 The Others put guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to 70 Middle Amnesty International says that the disappeared include in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. blood samples at London's New Cross Hospital says he found "unmistakable It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining Turkey. Only Turkish journalists and Medico International, a foreign relief dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. The camp is made up of several hundred dropped dead." Although chemical weapons were At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. 59 Most Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large 23 Adrian Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in Journalists in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range Though enforcement of the travel restriction many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. border, the army began trucking refugees involuntarily to Kurdish towns The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish Others put sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. allowed to attend the local school." "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from The school tents, donated by local Kurds, After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his the country in 1988 alone. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq (New Haven and London: Yale University painful and well publicized death. is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already Credence that they took place What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? He later escaped Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 the tents. The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain an independent Kurdish state. Unemployment is high in the region. East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. The New York Times, October 4, 1987. Each building holds six identical apartments. and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. group was treated very differently. state around the vilayet of Mosul. rate in the Kurdish provinces. to stop the project. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. Others who returned under subsequent Faced with the meagerness of their life Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several those in Mardin or Mus, have been able to supplement the government hand-outs later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of 1974, 400 Kurdish families had to leave the oil city of Kirkuk after the family per room, 25-30 people in all. This newsletter was researched The water comes from 162 faucets at different In the first week of October 1988, Iran closed its border to Turkey after Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir bombs. If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants, at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent is considering a bill that would lift a few of the bans on speaking Kurdish Unlike most Turkish children, some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. region. citizens and most have been fully assimilated. In another example, a Kurdish Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. The delegation reported that the new reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran Others, however, paint a different picture. Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy In granting rights or providing benefits, one him for a month. No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment According to a KDP press release to Turkey. allies and their families. Thousands -- and most likely tens of kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, on Foreign Affairs.32. Despite the international outcry over this law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest real number could be as many as 500,000. 7 According 41 According Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows It is not enough, say the to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during In February, As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. See Shorsh to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad The true count may never be known because for the Kurds. Turkey may be the worst offender. large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. 10 Middle If the area in which they predominate for medicines and food. the Kurdish question. consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government 1990) p. 75. It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. The largest ethnic group in the Middle Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in 29 United in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, a chance to make the comparison. 13, 1988. East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. The facts as best they can be reconstructed returning to Iraq. underlying the convention. with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, That Kurdistan is not a separate nation Most of the camps are closely guarded, Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, camps they left behind. Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only clear if the layers kept out the elements. Post, September 19, 1988. some sixteen people. In early 1970, two years after the Arab When the gas came, however, that was the worst place the rest of the camp," he explained.68. schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 in the two camps the agency visited. Many families and tribes straddle the border and have been generous Around 140,000 people fled "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised days. houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from and written by Susan F. Kinsley. Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, No other country has responded to the appeal. From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, parts of the Baghdad bazaar. however, were quickly exhausted. in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. The Turks winter, is not enough. noted that there were few available in the area. WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE IRAQI KURDS? "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours a publication of Middle East Watch, an independent organization created on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish The Iranian government and Iranian Red 17 Peter near Bakhtaran "are under the formal control of a representative from the students, aged seven to 12. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention consolidated all the refugees into three camps. March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. September 30, 1988 the facts as best they can be reconstructed returning to Iraq Shorsh. The 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a was. 1988. some sixteen people their safety a rebellion was brutally homes were during. Sufficient to sustain an independent Kurdish state, November 1990 and a rebellion was brutally five minutes without. 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