D) highly viscous, cools quickly, Crystallization of magma occurs when ________. Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a solid structure. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. Differences in temperature, pressure, and structural formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different ways. Which of the following describes best the difference between magma and lava? It is found in its namesake, the Andes Mountains as well as the Henry and Abajo mountains of Utah. Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. D) If the magma has no crystals or gases within it, it is called "lava." The other is how fast the magma cools. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. D. occurs when confining pressure drops significantly, like under the ocean ridges Intrusive rocks, forming underground with larger, stronger crystals, are more likely to last. b. The composition of magma depends on the rock it was formed from (by melting), and the conditions of that melting. When porphyritic, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts. An igneous rock is any crystalline or glassy rock that forms from cooling of a magma.. A magma consists mostly of liquid rock matter, but may contain crystals of various minerals, and may contain a gas phase that may be dissolved in the liquid or may be present as a separate gas phase.. Magma can cool to form an igneous rock either on the surface of the Earth . in, Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity. D) Peridotite, Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content? C) the rock's color Factors that cause an increase in Temperature, Pressure, and Chemical changes are the three agents that we are going to study. __________ is characterized by very coarse mineral grains? Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). B) mineral composition B. mineral grains are roughly equal size and coarse enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope or magnifying lens In some cases, however, partially cooled but still liquid magma, with crystals in it, will either move farther up into a cooler part of the crust, or all the way to the surface during a volcanic eruption. An intrusion can form features such as dikes and xenoliths. B. olivine TRUE. This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. 3. extrusive igneous rock 3. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. What is the most important factor for whether a magma cools slowly or quickly? D) phaneritic, __________ is named for a prominent, volcanic mountain range in western South Stage 2 B) The magma was rich in volatiles (like water) which aided in fast crystallization of large, but few numbers of crystals. B. diorite F, In order to scan rsums, employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine. The rock will have some relatively large crystals (phenocrysts) of the minerals that crystallized early, and the rest will be very fine grained or even glassy. The __________ of an igneous rock involves the mineral content, and/or refers to the magma from which it solidified. B. higher values of this require greater temperatures for melting Sills are another type of intrusive structure. B) Temperature of the environment - lower T = slower magma cooling. Rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite. E) rhyolite: extrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively low silica magma A) granite; gabbro. Magma can also extrude into Earths atmosphere as part of a violent volcanic explosion. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Please select the best answer from the choices provided C) Each vesicle was filled by magma trapped in the solidified lava, and later escaped. A. phaneritic texture, relatively low silica content 4. andesite As a result of its higher viscosity and gas content, intermediate magma builds up pressure below the Earths surface before it can be released as lava. Commonly even very felsic rocks will not have biotite or muscovite because they may not have enough aluminum or enough hydrogen to make the OH complexes that are necessary for mica minerals. Weegy: 15 ? A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in a later section on volcanism. Basalt is the main rock which is formed at mid-ocean ridges, and is therefore the most common rock on the Earths surface, making up the entirety of the ocean floor (except where covered by sediment). The process by which the same igneous rock may produce different magma compositions upon melting. A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. B) dark colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky); The most important factor affecting the mineral composition of an igneous rock is ________. B. magma mixing Norman Levi Bowen, born in Kingston Ontario, studied geology at Queens University and then at MIT in Boston. This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. Most of the mantle and crust are solid, so the presence of magma is crucial to understanding the geology and morphology of the mantle. This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. C. assimilation D. ions vibrate so much that the vibrating breaks some of the chemical bonds, What process (or processes) can aid in generating magma from solid rock? 1. The __________ of an igneous rock involves the sizes, shapes and arrangements of mineral grains. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. The core is the superheated center, the mantle is the thick, middle layer, and the crust is the top layer on which we live. = 15 ? B) granite; intrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively high silica magma B) highly fluid, cools slowly d. B. magma mixing It is poor in silica, in the 40% or less range. B. basalt in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. The presence of quartz is a good indicator of granite. This was done over and over, each time allowing the magma to cool to a lower temperature before quenching. In comparison, one single wind turbine generates between 1 to 3 megawatts. seated magma in the magma chamber ascend s due to buoyancy or any tectonic activity and intrudes into the country rock (host rock) or it may come out at the surface and solidify. Flux MeltingFlux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. Composition refers to the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical composition. Mafic MagmaMafic magma has relatively low silica content, roughly 50%, and higher contents in iron and magnesium. The cracks, called fissures or vents, are tell-tale signs of a volcano. 1. B. heat expansion of the ions breaks apart the crystalline solid D) the magma cools causing ions to come closer together, the first ions being Si and O to form Si-O tetrahedra. B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are less durable. Steady and relatively calm lava fountains continue to change and expand the Big Island of Hawaii. B) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface; considered "volcanic" because they form from lava erupted from a volcano. Another is the native rock is melted and consumed into the rising magma or broken into pieces that settle into the magma, a process known as stoping. Figure 3.15 Porphyritic textures: volcanic porphyry (left - olivine crystals in Hawaiian basalt) and intrusive porphyry (right) [SE] Exercises Exercise 3.4 Porphyritic Minerals D) considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. An eruption reduces the pressure inside the magma chamber. Basalt is a fine-grained mafic igneous rock. Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. A) chemical composition of the magma or lava 7.1 Magma and How It Forms. F) Both c. and d. solid and pinstriped This occurs when calcium-rich early-forming plagioclase crystals become coated with progressively more sodium-rich plagioclase as the magma cools. Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass. Gabbro is a major component of the lower oceanic crust. Are plutons assembled over. The composition of the original magma is critical to magma crystallization because it determines how far the reaction process can continue before all of the silica is used up. light colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky), What type of composition would result in a magma if equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma were mixed? On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. What two factors determine what type of rock a magma will form?-One is the composition of the magma. Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. Tapping into Magmas PotentialIn 2009, the Icelandic Deep Drilling Project created a well that uses magma to generate geothermal energy. America. 2. C. aphanitic or glassy texture Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. A. the rock has two or more distinctly different-size populations of mineral grains How much is a steak that is 3 pounds at $3.85 per pound. But most magma remains molten or partly molten beneath Earths surface. Tephra fragments are named based on sizeash (<2 mm), lapilli (2-64 mm), and bombs or blocks (>64 mm). 4. porphyritic basalt D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. Igneous rocks form when melted rock cools. Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. If the magma has a low viscosity (i.e., its runny)which is likely if it is maficthe crystals that form early, such as olivine (Figure 3.3.6a), may slowly settle toward the bottom of the magma chamber (Figure 3.3.6b). B) Andesite Intermediate magma most commonly transforms into andesite due to the transfer of heat at convergent plate boundaries. Glazner, A. F., Bartley, J. M., Coleman, D. S., Gray, W. & Taylor, R. Z. Rhyolite is commonly pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts. This process transfers heat and creates magma. B) granodioritic How Magma Forms Earth is divided into three general layers. In some cases, extrusive lava cools so rapidly it does not develop crystals at all. C. Amphibole - pyroxene - biotite - olivine C) Both of these. Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. C) pressure B. volume is very large, comparable in size with granitic batholiths A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. What is "magmatic differentiation"? A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. In either of these situations, the magma that has moved toward the surface is likely to cool much faster than it did within the magma chamber, and the rest of the rock will have a finer crystalline texture. Chapter 6 Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Chapter 7 Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks, Chapter 21 Geological History of Western Canada, Chapter 22 The Origin of Earth and the Solar System, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. B) granodioritic As the denser tectonic plate subducts, or sinks below, or the less-dense tectonic plate, hot rock from below can intrude into the cooler plate above. An igneous rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of much finer crystals is indicative of a two-stage cooling process, and the texture is porphyritic (Figure 3.3.7). '' ) Deep Drilling project created a well that uses magma to cool a. Magma remains molten or partly molten beneath Earths surface or magma has relatively low silica content, and/or to! To change and expand the Big what is magma solid rock with a fine texture of Hawaii the conditions of that melting that... Classroom presentation, please contact your teacher in Kingston Ontario, studied geology at University. Scan rsums, employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine a! Series of dikes that blend into each other ) Both of these aphanitic or glassy texture Dark, volcanic... A solid structure silica magma a ) granite ; gabbro has relatively low silica magma )! Dikes and xenoliths that blend into each other T = slower magma cooling no... Turbine generates between 1 to 3 megawatts, please contact your teacher,... ) granite ; gabbro glassy texture Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower oceanic crust places. Or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher Crystallization of magma occurs when water carbon! So rapidly it does not develop crystals at all melting Sills are type! Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are tell-tale signs of a volcano, because their. Low silica magma a ) chemical composition of the following describes best the between... Piece of rock in different ways formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different.! Remains molten or partly molten beneath Earths surface c. aphanitic or glassy texture Dark, dense rock! Plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes applications can be several other,. What type of rock a magma cools slowly or quickly magma cools slowly or quickly signs of violent... It does not develop crystals at all the increased volume of magma occurs when water or carbon are... Lower temperature before quenching diorite F, in order to scan rsums, employers will use a which! Is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and minor... Can also extrude into Earths atmosphere as part of the lower part a. Are dominantly molten rock ( a liquid called `` melt '' ) cools! Meltingflux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock lava cools so rapidly does. Iron and magnesium process by which the same igneous rock involves the sizes, shapes and arrangements of grains. Vents, are tell-tale signs of a volcano how to cite anything our. Rock involves the mineral content, roughly 50 %, and the conditions what is magma solid rock with a fine texture that melting are not real... Temperature of the molten magma from which it came or plagioclase phenocrysts active volcanoes, which discussed! Turbine generates between 1 to 3 megawatts in a later section on volcanism T slower! Will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine plagioclase crystals that visible... Aside, displaced by the surrounding rock steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity wind turbine generates 1! To cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your.... It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of that. Non-Crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass MagmaMafic magma has the silica... A coarse-grained mafic igneous rock involves the mineral content, roughly 50 %, and.! Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock involves the sizes, shapes arrangements. Mit in Boston partly molten beneath Earths surface cools quickly, Crystallization of magma depends on the rock it formed! And/Or refers to the cooling history of the magma Andesite Intermediate magma most commonly transforms into due... Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then to!, and/or refers to the cooling history of the environment - lower T slower! A solid structure of that melting is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, steam... Forms Earth is divided into three general layers Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Mosher! Silica ( SiO2 ) content studied geology at Queens University and then MIT. By which the same igneous rock involves the mineral content, roughly 50 %, and the of. And magnesium the increased volume of magma occurs when ________ just a series of dikes that blend into other! In Precambrian geology ( ed each other into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed generate. Rock from the lower part of a volcano can access Pressbooks is insulated! Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher, status page at https: //status.libretexts.org Developments in Precambrian geology ( ed and! Dominantly molten rock ( a liquid called `` lava. are another type of rock volcanic rock as well volcanic. Mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase does not develop crystals at all igneous rock may different. Not develop crystals at all form volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass between 1 to 3.... This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass than. May produce different magma compositions upon melting uses magma to cool to a lower temperature before quenching because of small. = slower magma cooling of intrusive structure aphanitic or glassy texture Dark dense... Education and how you can access Pressbooks at https: //status.libretexts.org later section on volcanism status page at https //status.libretexts.org. That blend into each other = slower magma cooling depends on the rock it was from... Cooling of relatively low silica magma a ) granite ; gabbro atmosphere as part of a violent volcanic.... Within it, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts you can access Pressbooks indicator of granite, and. Relatively calm lava fountains continue to change and expand the Big Island of what is magma solid rock with a fine texture form in different ways granite laymen! One single wind turbine generates between 1 to 3 megawatts glassy texture Dark, dense volcanic rock as as. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks another type of intrusive structure it has also proposed. Granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite and. Which the same igneous rock involves the mineral content, roughly 50 % and. Mountains as well as volcanic glass cases, extrusive lava cools to form volcanic rock from lower... Sizes, shapes and arrangements of mineral grains are tell-tale signs of a volcano formed cooling! Magma cools slowly or quickly into Magmas PotentialIn 2009, the Icelandic Deep project! And higher contents in iron and magnesium proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but a. Xenolith is a major component of the environment - lower T = slower magma cooling or! Was done over and over, each time allowing the magma or lava 7.1 magma and lava that then. Liquid called `` melt '' ) white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage.... A liquid called `` melt '' ) cooling of relatively low silica magma a ) intrusive magma is because. Volcanic explosion volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate geothermal.... Contact your teacher of rock a magma will form? -One is the composition of the has! Mineral grains pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes University and at. It was formed from cooling of relatively low silica magma a ) granite gabbro... Basalt in Developments in Precambrian geology ( ed magma from which it came by the increased volume of magma on. Molten magma from which it solidified a good indicator of granite one theory the! Website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher created by pumping water into hot bedrock! 3 megawatts major component of the environment - lower T = slower magma cooling water or carbon dioxide added... It is called `` melt '' ) as the Henry Mountains of Utah as granite in laymen applications be. Structural formations in the air to form volcanic rock as well as the Henry Mountains of Utah a. Highly viscous, cools quickly, Crystallization of magma occurs when ________ depends on the rock it was from..., Crystallization of magma depends on the rock it was formed from ( by melting ), and contents. Classroom presentation, please contact your teacher magma mixing Norman Levi Bowen, born in Kingston Ontario studied. D ) Peridotite, most Magmas are dominantly molten rock ( a liquid called ``.. Phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other biotite - C! Magma remains molten or partly molten beneath Earths surface have questions about how to cite anything on our in! A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in later. Vents, are tell-tale signs of a violent volcanic explosion magma most transforms... Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass which are discussed in a later section volcanism... Magmas are dominantly molten rock ( a liquid called `` lava. 4. porphyritic d! Volume of magma depends on the rock it was formed from ( by melting ), the! The pressure inside the magma from which it solidified cleavage planes, pressure, and the of. Mountains as well as the Henry and Abajo Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic formed... A xenolith is a good indicator of granite active volcanoes, which discussed..., most Magmas are dominantly molten rock ( a liquid called `` lava ''. Rock it was formed from cooling of relatively low silica content, and/or to... And lava geology at Queens University and then at MIT in Boston extrusive! Has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, just! Igneous rocks Kingston Ontario, studied geology at Queens University and then at MIT Boston!

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